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Abraham Lincoln (; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, and succeeded in preserving the Union, abolishing slavery, bolstering the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois come clean legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his work practice but became vexed by the opening of new lands to slavery so of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the extra Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates next to Stephen Douglas. Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his execution with the North’s rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the Union. To safe its independence, the supplementary Confederate States fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called happening forces to suppress the chaos and reorganize the Union.

Lincoln, a self-denying Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with links and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded unfriendly treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called “Copperheads”) despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by enthralling to the American people. His Gettysburg Address appealed to nationalistic, republican, egalitarian, libertarian, and democratic sentiments. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the dogfight effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South’s trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland, and he averted British charity by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the decline to slavery considering his Emancipation Proclamation, including his order that the Army and Navy liberate, protect, and recruit former slaves. He afterward encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country.

Lincoln managed his own well-off re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war’s decline at Appomattox, he was attending a put-on at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife Mary later than he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and hero of the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the greatest presidents in American history.